History's Dumpster = GLORIOUS trash! Kitsch, music, fashion, food, history, ephemera, and other memorable and forgotten, famous and infamous pop culture junk and oddities of yesterday and today. Saved from the landfill of time...
I've been asked this question now and then and to be perfectly honest, the 78 RPM speed is still with us. Mostly for collectors items and not as general releases. But it does occasionally surface.
But as general releases, 78 RPM was largely passe in America by 1957. In 1957, sales of 78 RPM records accounted for 4,500,000 units in 1957. In 1958, it plummeted to less than 500,000, less than 5% of overall sales and the writing was on the wall.
But it still had a visible, if fading market for children's records (mostly because kids inherited hand-me-down phonographs from their parents and many kids phonographs also still had that speed.)
Phonola Record Player, 1950s -60s Note the case is pure Vanity Fair/Imperial Party Time, but the tone arm is a plastic gramophone reproducer that used steel needles. These players (which also sold under Woolworth's house brand, Audition) had two speeds, 45 and 78 (which were the speeds of most kids records available at that time, 45 by the 1970s, but many 78s from the '50s and '60s. still existed.) These players were sold well into the early 1970s. Image: Etsyspot
But what I'm going to focus on here is what were the last general release singles worldwide at 78 RPM.
Image:
While 78 RPM was all but abandoned in America, (save for certain budget, independent, promo releases and oddities (The "Just Like Gene Autry; A Foxtrot" track on Moby Grape's Wow album is one example.) In South America, 78 RPM was still in use until the early '70s for certain pop releases.
But by this time also, 4 and 3 speed record changers were in twilight and practically non-existent outside a very select range of high-end turntables in the '80s and '90s.
"You're The One For Me, Fatty" Morrissey (1992, UK) Image: Discogs. Morrissey was the former lead singer of the British pop group The Smiths, best known for their 1984 alternative rock mega hit "How Soon Is Now". In 1992, he released a few 78s with selections from his solo album Your Arsenal.
"Millennium" Robbie Williams (2000, UK) Limited Edition of 999 numbered copies issued to commemorate the opening of the new HMV store in Oxford Street, London. Image: Discogs
The speed reemerged in the 2000s on some newer Crosley type junk players for playing old 78s. But some better quality turntables also began including it as the vinyl renaissance swept the country and anything with grooves fascinated Millennial hipsters. But most turntables still offer only the standard 33/45 speeds.
So to sum up, the last official general release new Western pop single on 78 that isn't a reissue, novelty, oddity, collector's item or promo is one that may never truly be known, even among collectors and they're still searching. The 1973 Brazilian Latimore 78 mentioned above is the most recent I've seen yet. I have heard of others that extend into the disco era, but I've never seen any as of this writing.
"Terraplane Blues" Robert Johnson (2019 Record Store Day reissue) Image: Discogs
Or you're simply happy just where you are, curled up with your laptop, I, your Rip Van Winkle-like blogger, would like to introduce (or reintroduce) you to a valuable and ever expanding web resource. The Internet Archive.
The Internet Archive is where our public domain, copyright-lapsed, obsolete and often oddball media goes not to die. But to wait to be rediscovered.
In recent years, The Internet Archive has become a motherlode for miners of classic video games. 1980s and 1990s computer games Gen-X and older Millennials grew up with such as Beavis & Butt-Head Virtual Stupidity, SimCity 3000 and others are now free and legally downloadable ISO files you can burn to CD or run with an image writer.
This includes obsolete operating systems* too. What this means for you, the person with a few old computer towers/laptops collecting dust and you lost or misplaced the rescue CDs, new hope. They make excellent retro gaming computers or home MP3 server jukeboxes.
An old low spec 32 bit 512 MB - 1 GB RAM older Pentium computer tower, can also be revived for secure modern use with some 32 bit versions of Linux are available like Bodhi Legacy. LXLE and antiX can also run on systems that low) but the speed and performance of these systems will not be the same as with a modern PC. Simply because the hardware is too old for modern demands. But as a very basic computer, they will do fine.
*The Catch: Select carefully and download at your own risk. Some OSs/software aren't official releases or are in foreign languages. File scan everything for malware/viruses before installing. I'm not sure of the screening process (if any) at IA for software. But it doesn't hurt to make absolutely sure.
For those looking for way out of the brain fog of modern pop music. Here's a fun place to explore.
It's like going through a musty mystery box of 78 RPM records, but much more accessible.
Imagine!
- No more back-breaking hauling in boxes of heavy shellac discs.
- No more fear of accidental breakage of some of these now rare records.
- No more daddy longlegs or other unsightly visitors lurking in the corners of these boxes.
- No more needing to find an appropriate record player with 78 RPM speed.
- No more meticulous listens with different points of stylus to find just the right one. (It's already been done for you. With sample plays)
- No more social embarrassment if you accidentally try to play the Edison Diamond Discs of the 1910s on a standard Victrola reproducer (tsktsktsk). Or having to rearrange the cartridge wires.
So why go through all that needless fuss, work and expense when at last, you can practically say "Alexa, play 'Low Bridge! Everybody Down!' Billy Murray"? Your great-grandparents wouldn't.
Among my other discoveries in the corner of the Internet Archive:
This crunchy sounding, yet free and downloadable copy of this respectable 1953 Decca 10" LP compilation album of catalog artist material from the 1930s (with informative liner notes on the back cover.) is a great starting point if you're doing research into this music. It's one of the handful of odd early 33 1/3 RPM LPs also in the Great 78 Project. The 10" LP was considered to be one of the early 33 1/3 RPM LP's selling points. A smaller size album the size of a standard 10" 78 RPM single (most 78 RPM albums of the '40s contained 4 records and 8 songs.) Eventually, 12" became standard size for LP records by the mid-1950s.
This 28 year running show on KFAI Minneapolis has been my mandatory Friday (10PM CT) listening for years. Specializing in lost hits, rare versions of hit singles, B-sides, demos, obscure tracks, should've-been-hits, cheesy cover versions and the really strange of pop primarily from the '70s to the '90s, Hosted by Ron "Boogiemonster" Gerber, he takes you on a graduate level course in pop music. If you miss the live broadcast on KFAI, you can hear/download it here.
If you remember and miss Dr. Demento since he left the airwaves, Anthony "A-Log" Logatto, a devoted fan of The Good Doctor, has a worthy radio fix for us (it's the only one we currently have of this type). Focusing on current releases, song parodies and a few original tracks with a generous amount of Demento classics and a weekly theme, each program is three jam packed hours of fun. It's how I was introduced to "The FuMP", a community of comedy musicians and fans. Highly recommended.
You won't find modern box office blockbusters (the best known public domain feature films are Birth of A Nation, Night of The Living Dead and Reefer Madness.) But if you love the kind of TV movies you saw on the Late Late Movie, get the popcorn ready. You'll also find crazy conspiracy films, Film Noir, low budget horror and sometimes, their trailers.
An school A/V club member goldmine, these were the films you saw in class when you were growing up. You also get to see company training and promotion films and old stock footage
For those who love the off-network TV shows often seen on independent UHF TV stations back in the day, here's manna: Several classic TV series, such as Gunsmoke, Bonanza, I Love Lucy and Ozzie and Harriet are available for download on Internet Archive. Plus, you get to see some foreign TV programs, such as Australia's Brian Henderson's Bandstand and several early UK TV programs we also missed here too in those days.
But all this great stuff isn't 100% free. It costs money and dedicated volunteer time to keep the selection expanding and the servers upgraded. So please consider a small donation to Internet Archive. It's a great deal for the price and keeps our pop culture history complete.
Imagine a digital cable/satellite type TV service with channels and shows you’ve never seen before with a great selection of movies that you can take with you and watch anywhere you have an internet connection. And (the sweet part), it’s actually free.
Welcome to Pluto TV. Available on your computer at Pluto TV and on Roku, Android and iOS apps. As well as your Playstation/XBox
Pluto TV is a cord-cutter’s dream. Hundreds of channels, some with programming you’ve never seen before, or haven’t seen in years or even decades. There’s dozens of movie channels in every genre, from documentaries to horror. Sports channels, news channels, and music channels, including digital audio-only channels in genres from Jazz (Cool Ch. 982.) Classic R&B (Pure Soul, Ch, 978) Adult Standards (Ratpack Ch. 974) Hair Metal (The Strip, Ch. 971), etc.
But Pluto isn’t like Comcast (there are caveats.) First, Pluto doesn’t offer your local TV channels. Second, some of the news programming, such as the CNN and the NBC News Pluto channels aren’t live. This won’t do for a hardcore breaking news junkie like me. But if you’re just a casual news watcher, it should be fine. The stories and shows are usually from earlier in the day on the CNN and NBC feeds. There are live feeds of Cheddar and the suspicious RT America. The other thing is a strong high-speed internet connection is vital to the Pluto experience.
The movie channels are mostly 2nd tier films, but still entertaining. (I watched What’s Eating Gilbert Grape for the first time since 1993.) The thing here is most Pluto channel programming - including the on demand movies, have commercials.
There’s food channels, home improvement channels, some religious and a wide selection of sports channels (I’m not a huge sports fan, so I’m guessing the boxing matches at 3am aren’t live either.) Several all comedy, geek, Latinx and children’s programming channels are offered as well.
But if it’s HBO, Showtime and Cinemax you’re looking for, that’s not here. But the Pluto movie channels are acceptable, but the commercial break transitions are a tad jarring. However, the film returns to the last few seconds of the last scene prior to the break. So that helps as you’re running to the kitchen for the bag of chips.
The channels are laid out on a standard digital grid with current/upcoming programming listed. On Roku at first glance, you couldn’t distinguish this from your average cable/satellite grid.
Some of Pluto’s more unique channels:
Ch. 007 Pluto 007 - All classic James Bond films in random order.
Ch. 591 THC (The High Channel) - If you’re into the cannabis lifestyle, THC is your TV. It’s programmed for today’s modern stoner.
Ch. 597 SLOW TV - If you ever fantasized being a Norwegian train engineer, this channel is heaven. 24 hours a day, it’s the cab view of a Norwegian locomotive along the rails of Norway. And that’s it. 24/7.
It’s
a nifty sub-cable system if you already have cable. And a decent
alternative if you’re off the cord. But the fact you can take Pluto
anywhere on your smartphone, tablet, gaming or PC computer makes it a
must have in periods of boredom. Just surfing around Pluto is fun. Enjoy!
Screenshots are real easy. Just press the Print Screen button, no extra apps needed.
First, this does have functioning apps and does work. It is the right size for your backpack or large handbag and setting/booting it up takes about the same time. This handles YouTube playback respectably well. There's no touchpad or mouse, so most selecting is done onscreen with your fingers. If your demands are very basic, Google oriented and simple, this does work on that level.
But I ran a few more performance tests on it with a screen recorder app to test speed and multimedia performance.
In spite of it's Q88 quad-core chipset, at 512 MB of RAM, this is not very fast at multitasking. It can stream internet radio through VLC while working with the most of the non-video apps. It also handles TuneIn reliably through it's app while surfing the Firefox, Twitter, Facebook, Google Docs and Gmail apps. The screen recorder app's audio input comes from the built in condenser mic, so whatever sounds are around you as you record from the display will be caught on the resulting video (in my case, the bedroom fan.) The volume on the video was set at max (as your ringing ears can tell you.) The sound comes from a tiny monaural button speaker on the rear of the tablet, so it isn't very loud from an average listening perspective.
Second, the screen at 7'' wide is an issue for me as my ability to read fine print requires me to carry a magnifying glass. You could stretch out the display with your fingers, but finding the sweet spot between readability and screen size can be a challenge on some web versions of news sites.
The keyboard case was of particular interest to me as my big clumsy fingers are especially problematic with touch-screen keyboards and while a larger size, some keys (such as the " ') key is located at the bottom of the keyboard. The keys also require a firm press each to enter, so I still end up peck-typing, but the keyboard real estate area is larger.
You can buy these with keyboards or without. And the other good thing is when these tablets die (usually in about three years), you can replace them while keeping the case. If you enable Google Drive for backups, your work can be saved when you change tablets.
Compared to my standard desktop, I probably would not write another post directly on this thing again. But it is good for making middle of the night drafts with Google Docs. But it's too slow for serious school and office work.
As a serious student/office computer, you'd be better off with a real netbook/laptop. But if you just need a simple electronic day planner (the Google Calendar app does a great job) that does a little more, this may fit the bill.
This took over a month to write and was almost lost forever this afternoon due to a nuclear Blogger blog-editing error in cross-contaminating the hard coding of the final notes for this post I had sketched down in LibreOffice while copying them to edit into the native Blogger blog editor.
Imagine taking a project of this size (one of the longest and most comprehensive posts I've written in a while), with no safety back up and with one foolish copy and paste into the blog and a one horrifyingly consequential back-keystroke (without reading the raw HTML), suddenly alter six weeks of work and research into an unreadable mess.
At least this time, it was merely altered. But it could be straightened out (if I recovered from my heart attack.) So I copied the entire post back into LibreOffice and line by line, replaced the paragraphs, photos and YouTube videos back in their proper order, editing and sweating bullets along the way.
And talking to the passenger(s) in your car. And they weren't
always pleasant to listen to.
Or singing/whistling/humming. Which made you unlistenable to the passengers in your car.
But by the 1920s, radio had just invaded the American home and
people just couldn't get enough of it. Suddenly, the house wasn't so boring. But there were some major problems;
The first radios were noisy, difficult to tune, needed tinny headsets or ugly sqwaky horns to listen to, required enormous outdoor antennas that few people then understood the science of and battery
units with liquid acids that could leak and spill. And some people
thought it was a dangerous distraction to have a radio in the car.
And at that time, it really was.
But that didn't stop people from trying. There were attempts to
bring radio to automobiles as early as 1904 when radio pioneer Lee
DeForest demonstrated radio as a means of vehicle to vehicle
communications at the 1904 World Exhibition in St. Louis.
16 year old Bud Slocum
was the coolest teenager in Ionia, Michigan (and on the planet)
in 1922. And from his pose, you can tell he knew it. He not only had
his own ride (when car ownership was extremely rare among teenagers
back then), but one of the very first car radios.
The October 28, 1922
issue of Radio World featured an early car radio prototype called
"The Dashboard Special"
And the very first factory installed car radios also appeared when
Chevrolet offered a Westinghouse radio for it's 1922 model year as a
$200 option ($2,734 in 2016 dollars and almost half the price as the
car itself!)
But for the most part, car radios were still a rarity. A toy for
the wealthy or those geeky enough to do it themselves. A lot of
people still didn't even have home radios.
But before the invention of superheterodyne tuning,
radios in cars really weren't practical because the tuning of these
radios needed constant adjustment. So you also had to be very patient
and careful. The tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers of that time
had three knobs just for tuning alone. And each had to be adjusted
individually for each radio frequency, which were of course, all AM.
A TRF radio from 1924.
You had to not only tune all three knobs to get on a specific
frequency, you also had to write down the number of each dial if you
wanted to tune back in to a specific station later. Image: Radio
Boulevard
Vibrations from the vehicle would also cause the
tuning to drift into an unlistenable mess after all your patience in
getting it tuned right. And secondly, there were no speakers. All
listening was done with headsets on these early car radios. Radios
were also prone to ghastly static interference from ignitions and
spark plugs.
Superheterodyne tuning was becoming standard on home
receivers by the late 1920s. It reduced the tuning to a single knob
and improved the sound, reception and stability of radios and once
again, the idea of a radio just for cars was revisited. This time, it
stuck.
In 1926, Philco invented what could be considered the
very first mass produced car radio, the Transitone and production
began for the 1927 model year to be an option in Chevrolet sedans.
Philco may have been first, but it was a man named
Paul Galvin that made the car radio a necessity. Galvin and his brother, Joseph, bought the bankrupt
Stewart Battery Company at auction for $750.
The Stewart Battery Company also offered The Battery
Eliminator, which allowed battery operated home radios to run on
household current, the forerunner to today's wall-wart AC adapters.
Which was also probably the likely cause of the Stewart Battery
Company's bankruptcy as well.
The Galvin brothers were savvier than that. They
bought the Stewart Battery Company specifically for their
battery eliminator designs and manufacturing equipment for them. They
renamed as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation, ceased battery
production and concentrated only on battery eliminators for radios.
They had $565 in capital and five employees. The first week's payroll
was $63.
But battery eliminators themselves were becoming
obsolete as AC powered radios were becoming standard and the Galvin
brothers needed something fast. Paul Galvin had met two radio
engineers, William Lear and Elmer Wavering who created their own car
radio and demonstrated it at a radio convention in Chicago.
What made
Lear and Wavering's design different was they also eliminated the
static interference problem. They identified each cause of
interference and created shielding to isolate it. With curiosity
peaked, Paul Galvin set forth to create an easy to install,
inexpensive car radio for the masses. His team built a working unit
in Paul Galvin's Studebaker.
Galvin was so sure he hit solid gold that when he
applied for a business loan, he tried to clinch the deal by having
Lear and Wavering install a radio in the banker's car. The banker's
car caught fire a half hour later.
They didn't get the loan.
Unfazed, Galvin drove 800 miles to the Radio
Manufacturer's Association meeting in Atlantic City, New Jersey in
June of 1930. Too broke to afford a booth, Paul Galvin just parked
outside the convention, turned up the volume for passersby to hear
and let his product speak for itself.
A reproduction of the
1930 Motorola ST71. The world's first after-market car radio. The
main chassis was bolted to the floor, the tuning and volume were made
to fit on the side of the steering column and the speaker was either
hung from the roof or placed haphazardly.on the floor. Sounds like my
old car. Image: MIT
Technology Review
And there were orders. Lots of them. And Galvin
Manufacturing Corporation was saved. But this radio needed a name.
And a "Galvin" just didn't seem very catchy. But Paul
Galvin came up with "Motorola", a play on "motor"
and "Victrola". There were lots of product names ending in
-ola. Movieola, Crayola. It just sounded good.
Galvin officially
renamed the company Motorola Inc in 1947. And an empire was born.
Motorola sold it's first car radio on June 23, 1930 to H.C.Wall of
Fort Wayne, Indiana for $130.
Motorola also made inroads into two-way police radios. Invented in Australia by Senior Constable Frederick William Downie of the Victoria Police Department in 1923, cops around the world
were finding two-way police radio to be lifesavers and a necessity. Radio equipment became
mandatory in every first responder department. At that time, the American police radio
band was 1550-1750 kHz in larger cities and 2100-2490 kHz in smaller
towns and rural areas.
But while the American AM radio band before the North American Radio Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) legally ran from 550-1500 kHz, the lower police band was still tunable on most
ordinary radios and some early radio dials ran as high as 1800 kHz. That created a problem with criminals getting advance
warning by eavesdropping on police reports on higher tuning (or modified as such) radios. Not to mention nighttime skywave interference from other police department radio systems. So by 1932, all police radio communication started to be moved up to higher (and higher), shorter-range bands, FM transmission and eventually, digital encryption. The lower frequencies were also used for early TV experiments.
And the lower frequency police band of 1500-1600 kHz was also
established in 1932 as an experimental High Fidelity radio band.
The most famous station in this band was W2XR 1550 AM New York, which
became WQXR, a legendary New York City classical music station. NARBA officially incorporated 1500-1600 kHz into the standard AM radio band. A later expansion in the 1980s added 1600-1700 kHz in the AM radio band
But radios didn't become standard equipment in cars until after
World War II. In fact, very few auto manufacturers offered radios and
only in selected models. Car radios were still considered a novelty
to them in spite of the growing number of after-market manufacturers,
including Philco and Delco,
1951 dealer promotion display for the Motorola
Volumatic Car Radio. Image: eBay
Nearly all car radios were AM only. AM was the dominant radio band
and would be until 1975. FM radio in the 1950s at this time was rare
in the home and even rarer in cars. And second, FM radio signals at
the time were quiet and uncompressed. While AM signals remained
fairly steady driving over hills and around buildings, FM in motion
was subject to the "picket fencing" effect, the
"fwip-fwip-fwip" sound an FM radio makes in motion.)
Because of this, FM was thought as useless for cars by most
mainstream radio manufacturers. But this didn't prevent upstart
innovators from trying.
The Gonset 3311 FM
Automobile Radio Tuner was the first FM car radio converter. These
converters mounted under the dash and used a tiny built-in AM
transmitter tunable on a couple of pre-set frequencies to rebroadcast the FM signal to the car's AM radio.
FM radio converters like this were available until the early 1980s.
Image: Somerset
High Fidelity became a national craze in the 1950s. And
experimentation spilled over to automobiles. But until 1956, it was
only radios. You still couldn't play your own recorded music in your
car.
Enter the Chrysler Highway Hi-Fi.
The Highway Hi-Fi was an option for newer Chrysler cars from 1956
to 1960. They played special 7" records that played at 16 2/3
RPM, half the speed of a standard LP. The 16
RPM speed also became featured on many home record changers,
allowing these records to be played in the car or at home.
The benefit of a slower speed was it allowed for longer play on
small convenient records. And the stylus and tone arm of the player
was less susceptible to skipping around the grooves from vibrations
of the car. The tone arms of the players were also very heavy, which
lead to a record wear problem.
There were also only 42 titles, all of them back catalog material
of Columbia Records. The discs were made by the Special Products
division of Columbia for Chrysler. There were no other record
companies that made records that were compatible with the Highway
Hi-Fi.
Chrysler dropped the 16 RPM Highway Hi-Fi in 1960 and quickly
reinvented the Highway Hi-Fi in the early 1960s as an after-market
system using RCA's 45
RPM records in a changer. While this allowed for broader
selection as nearly all record companies made 45 RPM records, the
record wear problem and skipping in the grooves from vehicle
vibrations remained. And ultimately, RCA gave up on the system.
But auto manufacturers didn't give up on the concept of car audio.
In fact, their attention merely shifted to endless-loop cartridge
tape systems such as the 4 Track tape player.
The endless loop tape cartridge was invented in 1952. It had many
potential uses, but radio stations adopted the endless loop cartridge before
anyone.
The benefit of "carts", as they were known was it
prevented record wear (a major problem in the early days of Top 40
radio) With a song, jingle or commercial on each cartridge, they
could be erased and reused as songs that either stalled or fell off
the charts were replaced by breaking new hits. Or as jingles and
commercials were updated. It made on-air radio production much
simpler when using highly repeated material.
Toledo businessman Earl Muntz saw a potential for car audio use in
these broadcast tapes and went into business making 4-Track tape
cartridges and players for car use in 1962, later adding home units
as well.
William Lear, who helped develop the first Motorola radio was
riding high on success. He invented the Lear Jet in 1963, a private
luxury aircraft for wealthy business people and owning a Lear jet was
the ultimate status symbol. Lear was in a car with Muntz and
listening to the car's 4-Track system when he had an idea. While the
4-Track tape was suitable for single albums, many classical albums
were double albums. But by narrowing the tracks to 8 tracks with four
stereo programs, he could put a double album on one tape cartridge
and efficiently save recording tape (which was still selling for
premium prices in those days.) for single albums.
Lear began developing the system in the late 1963 and unveiled the
Stereo
8, as the format was originally called in 1964. The biggest
difference in the design of the 8-Track tape from the 4-Track was the
pinch roller was part of the cartridge itself in the 8-Track. This
helped to protect the tape.
And not only that, Lear had very high connections
with the Ford Motor Company and RCA Records, who had enough faith in
Lear to manufacture auto players and pre-recorded tapes for this new
system. Needless to say, Lear's 8-Track quickly began to dominate
over Muntz's 4-Track in the consumer marketplace.
But Muntz ultimately had the last laugh. I recently
discovered Muntz analog technology went away a lot later than I had
previously known. Radio stations of course still depended on it
through the '70s, '80s and in the 1990s, when digital began to take
over radio station control rooms, it morphed into something new for
the late '90s - the gigantic Muzak Background Music tape of
the 1990s.
But perhaps the most remarkable thing about the first
Muntz 4-Track stereo tape players of 1962 was they were built to
last. And they could even play the 1990s cartridges because it
used the same technology. Just in a massive form that they had
planned for decades in advance.
A super rare 1960s Muntz Home Stereo 4-Track Tape
Player, similar to the one in the above video with original wood
case. Original Muntz Car Stereo 4-Track Tape Players could play the
giant Muzak cartridges of the 1990s too. Images: eBay
The 8-Track reigned car audio for most of the '70s.
But cassette tape was starting to make inroads. By 1980, cassettes
had overtaken 8-Tracks as the most popular car tape format.
Remember these?
Radio was still the most popular medium in cars. But
radio was also changing. FM was replacing AM as the preferred band
for music, leading more auto manufacturers to include AM/FM radio as
standard equipment as opposed to AM alone. The stations themselves
began using more compression and became louder. This had the effect
of masking minor picket-fencing noises and the overall generally
crappy factory car stereo speakers, improving FM's sound in vehicles.
Even low end portable radios sounded better.
KUBE
93.3 FM Seattle was a prime example of manic
compression. It
really did sound like this. In the 1980's to early '90s, KUBE was the
LOUDEST station on the Seattle FM radio dial - bar
none. And they were
extremely successful. They literally jumped off the dial when you
tuned past them and there was no questioning what you were listening
to. The station had jingles
galore to drill
that
in your head.
AM radio stations however was starting to struggle. Music formats
became older-skewing or stations flipped to talk radio. With
exception of the rare Top 40, alternative rock or hard rock station,
nearly all AM pop stations became oldies. Country music had largely
moved to FM and the question was (and still is), will AM radio
survive?
Enter AM
Stereo. It was designed to give AM a competitive advantage to FM
and AM Stereo really did sound good. But there was no standard
amongst broadcasters or radio manufacturers on which transmission
system to use. This caused listener/station and manufacturer
confusion and ultimately the idea never took off.
Besides, the public's attention had turned towards
the CD. The Compact Disc was invented in 1979 by a joint project of
Sony and Phillips researchers and first sold in Japan in 1982.
It was designed as a rich audiophile toy because
nearly all of the very first CD titles were classical. The CDs
themselves costed $30 each in 1984 (that's $70 in 2016 dollars.) Pop
music also began appearing on CDs that year and so were the first
in-dash CD player prototypes.
But it would take until 1987 before the CD was on
nearly the footing as cassettes and the then fading vinyl LP. Sony
had invented the battery powered Discman in 1985 for playing CDs.
And soon, adapters to play the Discman and other
battery operated portable CD players through existing car cassette
players were made.
But car CD players didn't become standard until the
early 1990s. And soon, they would be upended by the MP3. But there
were usually no adapter inputs for MP3 players. This led to the
creation of tiny FM transmitters that relayed the audio from the
headphone jack of an iPod or any other headphone jack equipped medium
to the car's FM radio.
And radio was undergoing enormous changes as well. AM
radio continued it's decline. But it was the effects of The
Telecommunications Act of 1996 that changed the landscape of radio.
Soon, hundreds of once independently operated radio stations or those owned by smaller
chains were gobbled up by mega-conglomerates such as Clear Channel
(now iHeartMedia), CBS, Cumulus and Entercom. Programs, air
personalities, formats and even entire stations that were once local
institutions were suddenly scrapped as stations bought their rivals
and changed the formats and radio listeners began to not like some of
these new changes. There were demands to create a low power FM (LPFM)
service. And the rise of satellite radio led the terrestrial radio
conglomerates to respond with HD Radio.
HD Radio (Hybrid Digital, not High Definition) worked
by piggybacking a digital signal on the main analog radio signal.
Each digital signal could hold up to 4 channels of different
programming. The HD-1 channel is always used as a digital simulcast
of the main analog signal and HD-2, HD-3 and HD-4 channels were used
for alternate programming or leased out to radio networks or
community/ethnic groups. But the HD Radio sub-channel programming was
lackluster at best and few station clusters could keep up with the
demands of not just their main signals, but all their HD
sub-channels. And listeners reaction to HD Radio was tepid at best.
Because that was all that was on HD Radio, just the usual stations
and these strange jukeboxes and talk programs on the HD
sub-channels.
But soon, HD Radio became standard in newer cars and
after-market car stereos. Ten years after it's launch, most radio
listeners who purchase newer cars are slowly becoming familiar with
HD Radio, if still mystified by the alternate programming and system
features. The FCC also ruled that radio stations may feed analog FM
translator stations an HD-2/3/4 sub-channel signal, creating little
analog FM radio stations covering a vastly smaller area than the main
signals (the maximum legal power of an FM radio translator is 250
watts. Tower height and nearby co-channel or adjacent channel
frequencies are also a factor in determining actual power.) Using
this loophole, that has ultimately become the main purpose of HD
Radio from the standpoint of the radio industry; To feed analog
radio.
Another major development came in 2005, when the FCC
allowed AM radio stations to also operate FM translators, giving AM
stations that could previously broadcast only during daytime hours
the ability to broadcast 24 hours on FM as well as revitalizing local
AM radio stations lucky enough to be in areas with enough available
local FM radio bandwith to have them.
Using FM frequencies to relay their AM programming,
the purpose is to catch the listeners who could not listen to the AM
signals due to the particular signal anomalies of the AM station. Or
level of the local noise floor of the AM radio band in their areas.
Or most people would simply never be caught dead listening to AM
radio (usually the latter.) This led to many struggling AM stations
with dwindling oldies or talk formats with FM translators to switch
back to contemporary music formats, re-branding under their FM
translator frequencies. WGMP 1170 AM Montgomery, AL "104.9
The Gump" is an example of such a station.
Satellite radio was invented in the 1970s when radio
stations began using satellite delivered programming. In the 1980s,
many terrestrial radio stations rented a transponder on a satellite
to relay their programming to distant areas (CFMI Vancouver, BC used
the Anik-D satellite to relay it's programming.) And in 1990, there
were people envisioning a system that would be like cable, but for
your car where you could get hundreds of the best radio stations in
America for a low monthly price. Satellite CD Radio, Inc. petitioned
the FCC to assign new satellite frequencies to broadcast digital
audio to cars and homes
But the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB)
set their face against it. The NAB felt this would jeopardize local
radio, but Satellite CD Radio, Inc. pushed on, They became CD Radio, Inc
and spent the next five years lobbying the FCC to allow for a
satellite radio service and another building capital for the launch
of three satellites and became Sirius. The FCC also sold a license for satellite radio
to American Mobile Radio Corporation. This company would become XM
Satellite Radio.
Satellite radio would get it's biggest promotion yet
from something completely unrelated to them. At the 2004 Super Bowl
game, Janet Jackson experienced a "wardrobe malfunction"
during a duet with Justin Timberlake, which exposed her right nipple
for less than a split second. No one actually saw her nipple, but the
pixelated video close-up of her right breast was replayed in slow
motion on news programs over the course of several weeks. Which
resulted in a massive (and obviously manufactured) uproar over
obscenity in broadcast media.
Until Jackson's debacle, people had gotten used to
nationally syndicated "shock talk" personalities such as
Howard Stern and Tom Leykis on the radio. Suddenly even the vaguest
references to genitalia were suddenly off limits. This did not only
affect the shock talk shows, but the public service programs that
discussed serious topics as important as prostate and even breast
cancer.
Classic Rock radio stations which had previously
broadcast uncensored versions of "Jet Airliner" Steve
Miller Band, "Who Are You" The Who and "Play Guitar"
John Mellencamp for decades with no complaints whatsoever during
daytime hours were suddenly forced to play the clean edits of these
songs. Or stop playing them. Period. Within hours of the "Nipplegate"
incident, the FCC sent out strict, yet extremely vague obscenity warnings to
terrestrial radio/TV broadcasters with draconian fines and
repercussions for even the slightest violation, requiring hours of
legal consultations from station owners, managers, programmers and
personalities.
Even the lawyers weren't sure. Beyond child
pornography, there is no absolutely clear set definition of
obscenity. Just an extremely vague "three-prong" litmus
test. But your art may be someone else's smut. So the Supreme Court
in their ruling of FCC
v. Pacifica Foundation left it at seven deadly words you're not
supposed to say on the radio and the FCC to
determine if and when you can say them (they haven't exactly done
a terrific job.)
The Seven Deadly Words You Can't Say On The Radio
And there's still no truly uniform way to determine
what is indecent or profane either. Society changes with the times
and the broadcast standards of 1978 do not apply in an age when you
can hear the seven deadly words on any school playground.
Sirius and XM merged on February 27, 2007. The FCC
concluded it was not a monopoly as mobile streaming radio was being
developed, ushering in services such as Pandora and Spotify as well
as an almost infinite assortment of terrestrial, foreign and
streaming-only broadcasters. The podcast is allowing listeners to
control their own listening schedules.
And going into the
future, it looks very likely streaming and on-demand radio will
eventually replace AM/FM, satellite radio and all physical formats.
As cars themselves become more dependent on web based artificial
control and access, this is the only next logical step in the
evolution of car audio. Terrestrial radio is just one of a bazillion
different other entertainment apps of daily life. And
mobile technology is quietly developing as we speak.
While 5G isn't much
more than a tech marketing buzzword now (the ITU has plans to have
the 5G standards ready by 2020, in spite of the current tech market
speculation.) And things will change further.
